Air Rifle by Adrian

Air guns represent the oldest pneumatic technology.These air rifles were charged using a pump to fill an air reservoir and gave velocities of up to 1000FPS (feet per second). They had a compelling advantage over rather primitive firearms of the day.

Today's modern Air guns are typically low-powered due to safety concerns

and Legal restrictions;however, high-powered rifles are still used for hunting.

In some countries,Air rifles are still classified as firearms,and as such it may be illegal to discharge them in residential areas.Air rifles can be highly accurate and are used in

target shooting events at the olympics.

Air Guns are used for hunting,pest control,recreational shooting,airsoft fights and olympic events such as 10m air rifle and 10m pistol events.

The distances FT and HFT competitions are shot at range between 10 metres and 50 metres, with varying sizes of 'reducers' being used to increase or decrease the size of the kill zone. In the UK, competition power limits are set at the legal maximum for an unlicensed air rifle, i.e. 12ft.lb .


Pneumatic air guns utilize pre-compressed air as the source of energy to propel the projectile. Single-stroke and multi-stroke guns utilize an on board pump to pressurize the air in their reservoir, Pre-charged Pneumatic guns' reservoirs are filled using either a high-pressure hand pump (often capable of attaining pressures of 30 MPa) or by decanting the necessary volume/pressure of air from a diving cylinder. Because of this design, having no significant movement of heavy mechanical parts during the firing cycle, the recoil produced is only the "true" recoil, equivalent to the equal and opposite reaction to the pellet and air volume's acceleration up the bore.

RIFLE

• Four position small bore is a popular sport in the U.S.
• The six Rifle ISSF shooting events (including three Olympic events) consist of long-time target shooting from distances of 10, 50 and 300 m.
• The two Running Target ISSF shooting events consist of rapid shooting at a target that moves sideways from distances of 10 and 50 m.
• Biathlon is an Olympic sport combining shooting and cross-country skiing.
• The CISM Rapid Fire match is a speeded version of the ISSF 300 m Standard Rifle event.
• Muzzle loading and Cowboy action shooting are concerned with shooting replica (or antique) guns
• Gallery rifle shooting is popular in the UK and was introduced as a substitute for many pistol shooting disciplines following the 1997 handgun ban.
• Benchrest shooting is concerned with shooting small groups with the rifleman sitting on a chair (bench) and the rifle supported from a table. Of all shooting disciplines, this is the most demanding equipment-wise.
• High Power Rifle (also known as "Across the Course" or 'traditional' High power) in the United States is a format that shoots 3-position (standing, kneeling or sitting, and prone) at 200, 300, and 600 yards. The term "Across the Course" is used because the match format requires the competitors to shoot at different distances to complete the course of fire.
• Fullbore target shooting is concerned with shooting at targets at ranges of 300–1200 yards
• Field Target is an outdoor air gun discipline originating in the United Kingdom, but gaining popularity worldwide.
• There are a vast number of nationally recognized sports, including:
• Full bore and small bore, rifle shooting in the United Kingdom.
• Three position airgun competitions, popular in the United States
• Field shooting, often at very long distances, popular in Scandinavia.
• Running target shooting at 80 m, on a target depicting an elk, popular in Sweden as a hunting exercise
• Summer biathlon, with skiing replaced by running, popular in Germany.

Military Service Rifle is a shooting discipline that involves the use of rifles that are used by military forces and law-enforcement agencies, both past andpresent use. Ex-military rifles, sniper rifles (both past and present) and civilian versions of current use service rifles are commonly used in the Military Service Rifle shooting competitions. It is popular in the United States and culminates each year with the National Matches being held at Camp Perry, Ohio. Some countries have outlawed civilian shooting at human-silhouette targets, though. Silhouette targets are not used in the National Match Course of Fire. Bullseye targets are used. High Power Rifle competition often is held at the same events as Service Rifle, such as the U.S. national championships each year at Camp Perry. High Power competitors generally are civilians using whatever rifles they prefer within the rules, whereasService Rifle entrants are limited to current or previous U.S. armed forces weapons. Although according to NRA rules only certain matches allow optical sights, normally those conducted at ranges over 600 yards.

• Palma competition dates from 1876, featuring long-range rifle shooting, out to 1,000 yards. The first Palma match was contested by teams from the U.S. and Ireland (with muzzle loaded rifles at that time), and continues in various nations today
• One other air rifle event is the 3-position (3P), which consists of the standing, kneeling and prone (lying down) positions.
• Finally, there is a different air rifle class, not yet in the olympics, called the sporter class. This is where you shoot under strict rules, and are not allowed much of the stiff clothing precision shooters use. You can also get sporter 3P events.

Handgun

• The six Pistol ISSF shooting events (including four Olympic events) consist of both precision and rapid-fire target shooting from distances of 10, 25, and 50 metres. In the UK (except for Northern Ireland), it is not possible to practice for some of the Olympic events following the Firearms (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1997.
• Modern pentathlon includes timed shooting with an air pistol as the first of its five parts
• The CISM Rapid Fire match is similar to the ISSF 25 m Rapid Fire Pistol event.
• Practical shooting, developed by civilian marksmen and later used as a basis for military and police exercises, is a variation where the shooter often moves during shooting, and hit scores andshooting time are equally important.
• PPC 1500, also developed into police exercises, is standard precision shooting, as opposed to practical shooting, but somewhat imitating real-life conditions.
• Muzzle loading and Cowboy Action Shooting, as above, also use revolvers.
• Metallic silhouette shooting, developed to loosely simulate hunting, is shooting at heavy animal-shaped steel silhouettes that must be knocked down to score, typically at long range using very powerful pistol.
• ActionAirgun is an indoor action shooting sport using semi-automatic airsoft pistols and courses of fire downloaded from a central hub. Shooters upload shooting times to a website to resolve competitions.
• Here also there are a vast number of nationally recognized sports, including:
• The National Rifle Association (NRA) Conventional Pistol, shot with up to three different handguns, popular in the United States and Canada and also some other countries. This is sometimes termed Bullseye (shooting competition).
• Field shooting, a type of variable rapid-fire competition, popular in Scandinavia.
• The Bianchi Cup One of the most lucrative of all shooting sports championships worldwide
• Airsoft IPSC Follow the same principle of IPSC, however, shooters use airsoft gun instead. The range, paper targets and poppers are scaled down to suit for airsoft pistols
• Other, less formally organized shooting sports include:
• Knocking bowling pins off a table top,
• Steel "reactive" targets,
• and general "plinking" at miscellaneous objects.

Shotgun

• The three Shotgun ISSF shooting events (presently all Olympic) are based on quick reaction to clay targets thrown by a machine.
• Other shotgun sports with (at least partial) international recognition include Sporting Clays, providing more variation than the standard ISSF events, and Down-The-Line. Five stand is also a shotgun shooting sport similar to skeet, but with more target variety. There are five stations, or stands. At each station there is normally a card that lets the shooter know the sequence of birds he or she will be shooting at.
• Cowboy Action Shooting also may involve shotguns.
• Practical Shooting uses high capacity shotguns (usually pump or semi-automatic). It has emerged particularly in countries where handguns have been banned.

Shooting range:type

Indoor

• Stationary target practice

Indoor ranges usually have a back wall with a sloped earthen berm or bank, with reinforced baffles additionally situated along the roof and side walls. Ranges with proper ventilation pull smoke and lead particles away from the shooting line and discharge them from the building to reduce potential lead poisoning.When ranges lack proper ventilation, employees and users are exposed to lead dust from bullets or cartridge primers. It can be inhaled or can settle on skin or clothing.[2] Additionally, discharge of firearms in indoor ranges can produce noise levels of over 140 dB sound pressure level.[3] To combat this, it is commonly recommended to "double up" ear protection by using both earplugs and over the head earmuffs. To protect range bystanders from sound exposure, many modern ranges have an air-locked corridor for sound-proofing, with two doors at opposite ends of the egress corridor. Most indoor ranges restrict the use of certain powerful calibers, rifles or the use of fully-automatic weapons. In many shooting ranges 50 caliber or higher bullets are not allowed.

Outdoor

Outdoor shooting ranges are often required for longer distance shooting sometimes exceeding 1,000 metres (1,094 yd). Training might also specifically require exposure to the elements such as wind or rain.

Outdoor shooting ranges usually are backed by a high retaining wall, earth mound, sandbag barrier or specially-designed funnel-shaped traps to prevent the ricochet of bullets or shots going outside the bounds of the shooting range. Most outdoor ranges additionally restrict the maximum caliber size, or have separate ranges devoted to use for higher-powered firearms.

Air rifle

Outdoor air rifle ranges are usually for the practice of the sport of Field Target shooting where metal targets are placed in natural surroundings at various ranges and elevations.

Small-bore rifle

Small-bore (.22 Long Rifle caliber) rifle ranges are typically 50 metres (55 yd) to accommodate the Olympic 50 m Rifle event, but they can extend to 200 metres (219 yd). These ranges are found around the world as part of various cadet shooting programs sometimes reduced to 25 metres (27 yd).

Full-Bore Rifle

site “ZerRange for large calibre rifles are seldom shorter than 100 metres (109 yd) except in the case of “Zero” ranges (for setting or checking a rifle and telescopic o”). Military ranges are typically at least 600 metres (656 yd) — 1,000 metres (1,094 yd) to safely accommodate the range of most assault rifles (up to 600 metres (656 yd)). Public ranges can be as long as and typically accommodate hunters and sportsman participating in sports such as 300 m Standard Rifle, metallic silhouette or benchrest shooting (ranges up to 2,000 yards (1,829 m)).

Shotgun

Specialist ranges cater for various clay pigeon shooting events and require special layouts and equipment.

Firing point

The firing point will normally be at a defined point on the ground, and on a civilian range will usually be level and flat. Outdoor ranges without a covered firing point are usually grass, often on a slightly raised, flattened mound. Outdoor ranges with a covered firing point are usually concrete or tarmacadam. Outdoor military range firing points are not usually covered and may have other configurations, e.g. sloping, a gravel base or hole in the ground.

The firing point cover can be as simple as a tent, to a frame with only a roof (to keep off rain or sunshine) to a substantial building with appropriate apertures to shoot through.

Hockey by Terry

hockey and its measurement

Hockey is a Youth Olympic Games sport. Hockey have lots of different kind but it has all the same rules and all the same measurement.

The hockey stick have a diameter of approximately 30mm to a flat width of approximately 46mm but the weight of it depends on the players if they want more or less strength.the whole indoor field size is 18m to 22m wide by 36m to 44m long. The goal post is 9m away from the semicircle in the middle of the field, and it is 2m high by 3m wide and a minimum of 1m deep
In each team, they must have 12 people and only 6 of them will be playing in the game.The rest is reserve

Badminton !

Introduction for Badminton .

Badminton is a racquet sport played by two opposing players .
Either in singles or doubles .
A rally ends once the shuttlecock has struck the ground, and each side may only strike the shuttlecock once before it passes over the net.
The shuttlecock (or shuttle) is a feathered projectile whose unique aerodynamic properties cause it to fly differently from the balls used in most racquet sports .
Shuttlecocks have a much higher top speed, when compared to other racquet sports. Because shuttlecock flight is affected by wind .The badminton court size is divided into two equal half’s, called The Net Line. The Net Lines dimension fills up the entire width of the court, creating an equal space of 22 feet long and 20 feet wide on each side of the line.

Measurement

Measurement is important in badminton . Without accurate measurement the court may not be the length and breath it should be causing unfairness to some players.
We also need to measure where the shuttlecock lands on in order to declare the winner .
If the shuttlecock lands within the single line for single and doubles line for doubles it is consider a 'in'. And in order to prevent parallax error, we have line judge to determine if the shuttlecock is 'in' or 'out'.
Without this measurements , the game played will not be fair .

Done By : Iffah [10] :D

Credits :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton

Badminton Court Size and Dimension

A badminton court dimension for every court played on must be a certain length and width, and of course will differ from singles play to doubles play. In a Singles play court, the badminton court measurement is 17 by 44 feet. In a doubles play court, the badminton court size must be 20 by 44 feet. Of course, these are only for professional games; you can use any badminton court measurements outside of scheduled games.

The badminton court size is divided into two equal half’s, called The Net Line. The Net Lines dimension fills up the entire width of the court, creating an equal space of 22 feet long and 20 feet wide on each side of the line. A typical Badminton net goes over this line, the badminton net is five feet tall, and will stretch out through the entire width of the court. badminton court length net height line is necessary for every badminton court; you simply can’t play without it.

The Short Service Line is on both sides of the Net Line. The Short Service Line is usually about 6 to 7 feet away from the Center Line, on both sides. On a serve, the shuttlecock must pass this line, or it is a fault and resulting in a loss of serve. Inside this area can also be referred to the “Non-Volley Zone”

Singles play is long and narrow; Doubles play is short and wide. The Singles Side Line is approximately 1.5 feet inside of the Doubles Side Line (also the overall court sideline). The Doubles Back Line is about 2.5 feet inside of the Singles Back Line (also known as the overall court back line).

Of course, following these badminton court size and dimension makes the game more natural, but its not necessary to have these exact badminton measurements to have a good game of badminton.

Done by:Chen Kai Xin

Youth Olympic Games. Badminton

(Introduction)
Singapore, November 17, 2008 – Badminton players hoping to represent Singapore at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games (YOG) will get a chance to make the national squad at the ongoing Cheers Age-Group championships.
The Youth Olympic Games will feature boys’ and girls’ singles badminton for ages 14 to 18 years.



(Measurements) Singles court measurement

In singles the long service line is the very back line of the court, parallel to the net. In doubles this is the line 76cm (2' 6") nearer the net. The area between these two lines in called the back tramlines.The line perpendicular to the net that bisects the court is called the centre line, and the outer edges of the side tramlines are called the sidelines

(BADMINTON LINES)
Each line is part of the court, so that if the base of the shuttle touches any part of a line, it is considered as being 'in', ie having landed within the area of the court. They are 4cm (1.5") wide.

BASSKETBALL BY Jasni

BASKETBALL

Basketball is a team sport played in a court with two netted rings attached to 10-foot poles on either end of the court. Five active players per team attempt to score points by getting a ball through one of the nets. Variations on the basic game include beach basketball, wheelchair basketball and bankshot basketball.

1
The referee throws up the ball to start the game. Two players from the opposing teams vie to take possession of the ball.
Step 2
The team that catches the ball first plays offense, and the opposing team plays defense.
Step 3
Players of the same team pass (toss) the ball back and forth as the opposition attempts to take possession of it. Team player are assigned different positions: point guard, shooting guard, small forward, power forward and center.
Step 4
The ball must be continually dribbled (bounced on the floor) as players try to move it toward the extreme ends of the court where the netted rings wait. Don't walk with the ball, which is called traveling. You have to dribble or shoot the ball.
Step 5
Each player must throw the ball within a maximum of 35 seconds. The players cannot kick the ball.
Step 6
Making illegal body contact is a foul. (See Resources below for a list of fouls.) If a team commits consecutive fouls, their opponents are awarded a free throw. If a player commits six fouls in an NBA game (or five fouls in a high-school or college game), he or she will be disqualified from fininishing the game.
Step 7
The team that scores the most points in the stipulated time is the winner. If the teams are tied at the end of regulation, the game goes into overtime. Overtime periods are played until one team has more points than the other at the end of an overtime period.

Playing court:
College: 94 feet long by 50 feet wide (ideal dimensions). High School: 84 feet long by 50 feet wide (ideal dimensions).
Baskets:
Rings 18 inches in inside diameter, with white cord 12-mesh nets, 15 to 18 inches in length. Each ring is made of metal, is not more than 5/8 of an inch in diameter, and is bright orange in color.
Height of basket:
10 feet (upper edge).
Weight of ball:
Not less than 20 ounces nor more than 22.
Circumference of ball:
Not greater than 30 inches and not less than 29 1/2.
Free-throw line:
15 feet from the face of the backboard, 2 inches wide.
Three-point field goal line:
19 feet, 9 inches from the center of the basket. In the National Basketball Association, the distance is 22 feet.

DONE BY JASNI

Badminton by Yue Juan...

Records :

The most powerful stroke in badminton is the smash, which is hit steeply downwards into the opponents' midcourt. The maximum speed of a smashed shuttlecock exceeds that of any other racquet sport projectile. The recordings of this speed measure the initial speed of the shuttlecock immediately after it has left the player's racquet.

The official badminton smash record is 332 km/h (206 mph), set by Chinese badminton doubles player Fu Haifeng in the 2005 Sudirman Cup.Tan Boon Heong of Malaysia has set a faster record of 421 km/h (262 mph) during Yonex's speed test of the Arcsaber Z-slash in 2009. These 2 records are not comparable for three reasons

1:Measuring method: High speed video equipment was used in the Yonex speed trials rather than the microwave technology which is used to record shuttlecock speed in matches.

2:Situation: One record was set in an actual match and the other was set when the shuttlecock is being fed to the player in a relaxed situation.

3:Status of readings: Tan's record was recorded by Yonex while Fu's was recorded by BWF officials.

Doubles :

Both pairs will try to gain and maintain the attack, smashing downwards when possible. Whenever possible, a pair will adopt an ideal attacking formation with one player hitting down from the rearcourt, and his partner in the midcourt intercepting all smash returns except the lift. If the rearcourt attacker plays a dropshot, his partner will move into the forecourt to threaten the net reply. If a pair cannot hit downwards, they will use flat strokes in an attempt to gain the attack. If a pair is forced to lift or clear the shuttlecock, then they must defend: they will adopt a side-by-side position in the rear midcourt, to cover the full width of their court against the opponents' smashes. In doubles, players generally smash to the middle ground between two players in order to take advantage of confusion and clashes.

At high levels of play, the backhand serve has become popular to the extent that forehand serves almost never appear in professional games. The straight low serve is used most frequently, in an attempt to prevent the opponents gaining the attack immediately. Flick serves are used to prevent the opponent from anticipating the low serve and attacking it decisively.

At high levels of play, doubles rallies are extremely fast. Men's doubles is the most aggressive form of badminton, with a high proportion of powerful jump smashes.


Singles :

The singles court is narrower than the doubles court, but the same length. Since one person needs to cover the entire court, singles tactics are based on forcing the opponent to move as much as possible; this means that singles strokes are normally directed to the corners of the court. Players exploit the length of the court by combining lifts and clears with drop shots and net shots. Smashing is less prominent in singles than in doubles because players are rarely in the ideal position to execute a smash, and smashing often leaves the smasher vulnerable if the smash is returned.

In singles, players will often start the rally with a forehand high serve. Low serves are also used frequently, either forehand or backhand. Flick serves are less common, and drive serves are rare.
At high levels of play, singles demands extraordinary fitness. Singles is a game of patient positional manoeuvring, unlike the all-out aggression of doubles.

Shuttlecock :

A shuttlecock (often abbreviated to shuttle and also commonly known as a bird) is a high-drag projectile, with an open conical shape: the cone is formed from sixteen overlapping feathers embedded into a rounded cork base. The cork is covered with thin leather or synthetic material.

Synthetic shuttles are often used by recreational players to reduce their costs as feathered shuttles break easily. These nylon shuttles may be constructed with either natural cork or synthetic foam base, and a plastic skirt.

Additionally, nylon shuttlecocks come in three varieties, each variety for a different range of temperatures. These three varieties are known as green (slow speed which will give you an extra 40% hang time/shot length), blue (middle speed), and red (fast speed). The colours, and therefore speeds, are indicated by coloured strips fastened around the cork. In colder temperatures, a faster shuttle is used, and in hotter climates, a slower one is chosen.

badminton by atikah

A little about badminton …..

Badminton is played by either two opposing players (singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles), who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court that is divided by a net.
Since 2009, badminton has been an Olympic sport with five events. At high levels of play, the sport demands excellent fitness: players require aerobic stamina, agility, strength, speed and precision. It is also a technical sport.
Others and its length ……
This predecessor to the modern game of squash, rackets, is played with 30½ inch (775 mm) wooden rackets. While squash equipment has evolved in the intervening century, rackets have changed little. It shall not exceed 680mm in overall length and 230 mm in overall width.
Heavier rackets are mostly preferred by players who have much stronger wrists and can therefore make use of the weight of the racket to extract more power from it.
Weight of racket ….

The weight should not exceed more than 100 grams. A majority of racket manufacturers use 1U, 2U, 3U, 4U to indicate the weight of the racket, 1U being the heaviest and 4U the lightest. The weight of high quality rackets range from 83 grams to 100 grams. Modern badminton rackets are light in weight and usually below 100 grams.

Sizes ……
Most racket manufacturers provide four grip sizes. In Japan, they range from G2, G3, and G4 to G5 where G2 is the biggest size and G5 is the smallest size. In some countries, the opposite applies. Some brands go by small, medium and big sizes.
Shutter cork ….

A shuttlecock weighs around 4.75 - 5.50 grams. It has 14-16 feathers with each feather 70mm in length. The diameter of the cork is 25-28mm and the diameter of the circle that the feathers make is around 54mm.
The feathers are brittle; shuttlecocks break easily and often need to be replaced several times during a game. For this reason, synthetic shuttlecocks have been developed that replace the feathers with a plastic skirt.
Players often refer to synthetic shuttlecocks as plastics and feathered shuttlecocks as feathers.
The cost of good quality feathers is similar to that of good quality plastics, but plastics are far more durable, typically lasting many matches without any impairment to their flight. Feather shuttles may come off the strings at speeds in excess of 320 km/h (200 mph) but slow down faster as they drop. At 19 feet 2 9/16 inches by 15 feet 11 7/8 inches, they are the world's largest shuttlecocks.
Badminton court …..
The overall dimensions of a badminton court are 20 feet by 44 feet. The lines along these measurements mark the sidelines for doubles play and long service lines for singles play.

The Net Line

The net line marks the middle of the court where the net is placed, creating a 22 feet by 20 feet area on each side of the net.
Short Service Line
The short service line is marked 6 feet 6 inches (some are marked 7 feet) from the center line. The area inside the short service line is also called the Non Volley Zone.

Center Line

The Center Line is the line that divides the court from the Short Service Line to the Back Boundary Line. This delineates the Left from Right Service Court.
Side Line for Singles Play
The Singles Side Line is marked 1 1/2 feet from the edge of the outer boundary (doubles side line)
Back Boundary Line and Long Service Line for Singles
The back boundary line is the same for singles and doubles play it is the outermost back line on the court.
Long Service Line for Doubles
The Long Service line for Doubles is marked 2 1/2 feet inside the Back Boundary Line.

The Badminton Net

The badminton net measures 5 feet tall in the center.


credits to everyone ..... :)

Soccer by Syahiful a.k.a Syah

Soccer

Soccer is played in accordance with a set of rules, known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a single round ball (the soccer ball) and two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal, thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals, then the game is a draw. There are exceptions to this rule, however; see Duration and tie-breaking methods.

In typical soccer game play, players attempt to propel the ball toward their opponents' goal through individual control of the ball, such as by dribbling, passing the ball to a team-mate, and by taking shots at the goal, which is guarded by the opposing goalkeeper. Opposing players may try to regain control of the ball by intercepting a pass or through tackling the opponent who controls the ball; however, physical contact between opponents is limited. Soccer is generally a free-flowing game, with play stopping only when the ball has left the field of play, or when play is stopped by the referree.

Measurements In Soccer

Playing field: Minimum 100 yards long by 50 yards wide; maximum: 130 yards long by 100 yards wide. International matches: Minimum 110 yards long by 70 yards wide; Maximum: 120 yards long by 80 yards wide. Longer boundary lines are called touchlines or sidelines, and shorter boundary lines are called goal lines.
Goal area: Two lines drawn at right angles to a goal line, 6 yards from the inside of each goalpost. Lines extend into playing field for 6 yards, and are joined by a line drawn parallel with the goal line.
Goals: Distance between posts is 8 yards. Distance from crossbar to the ground is 8 feet. Width and depth of bars not to exceed 5 inches.
Weight of ball: Not more than 16 ounces nor less than 14.
Circumference of ball: Not greater than 28 inches nor less than 27.
Penalty area: Two lines drawn at right angles to the goal line, 18 yards from the inside of each goalpost. Lines extend into playing field for 18 yards and are joined by a line drawn parallel with the goal line.
Center circle: Radius of 10 yards. Center at midpoint of halfway line.

Measurements is important as people will get into a fight when the measurement is not accurate.Measurements prevent them from happening as the accuracy of measurements in sports is really accurate.Therefore,if the ball goes out but does not have the correct measure,it will not be an out and one can score from there.The team will definitely get angry and the crowd will go wild and it will happen just like what had happened in the ninetees.I would say that measurements is really important in sports. Dono by,Syahiful or Syah

Badminton hui xian(16)

Badminton is a racquet sport played by either two opposing players (singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles), who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court that is divided by a net. Players score points by striking a shuttlecock with their racquet so that it passes over the net and lands in their opponents' half of the court. A rally ends once the shuttlecock has struck the ground, and each side may only strike the shuttlecock once before it passes over the net.

Racquets
Badminton racquets are light, with top quality racquets weighing between 75 and 95 grams including the strings.[8][9] They are composed of many different materials ranging from carbon fibre composite (graphite reinforced plastic) to solid steel, which may be augmented by a variety of materials. Carbon fibre has an excellent strength to weight ratio, is stiff, and gives excellent kinetic energy transfer. Before the adoption of carbon fibre composite, racquets were made of light metals such as aluminum. Earlier still, racquets were made of wood. Cheap racquets are still often made of metals such as steel, but wooden racquets are no longer manufactured for the ordinary market, because of their excessive mass and cost. Nowadays, nanomaterials such as fullerene and carbon nanotubes are added to rackets giving them greater durability.

There is a wide variety of racquet designs, although the Laws limit the racquet size and shape. Different racquets have playing characteristics that appeal to different players. The traditional oval head shape is still available, but an isometric head shape is increasingly common in new racquets.

Strings
Badminton strings are thin, high performing strings in the range of about 0.62 to 0.73 mm thickness. Thicker strings are more durable, but many players prefer the feel of thinner strings. String tension is normally in the range of 80 to 160 N (18 to 36 lbf). Recreational players generally string at lower tensions than professionals, typically between 18 and 25 lbf (110 N). Professionals string between about 25 and 36 lbf (160 N).

It is often argued that high string tensions improve control, whereas low string tensions increase power.[10] The arguments for this generally rely on crude mechanical reasoning, such as claiming that a lower tension string bed is more bouncy and therefore provides more power. This is in fact incorrect, for a higher string tension can cause the shuttle to slide off the racquet and hence make it harder to hit a shot accurately. An alternative view suggests that the optimum tension for power depends on the player:[8] the faster and more accurately a player can swing their racquet, the higher the tension for maximum power. Neither view has been subjected to a rigorous mechanical analysis, nor is there clear evidence in favour of one or the other. The most effective way for a player to find a good string tension is to experiment.

Grip
The choice of grip allows a player to increase the thickness of his racquet handle and choose a comfortable surface to hold. A player may build up the handle with one or several grips before applying the final layer.

Players may choose between a variety of grip materials. The most common choices are PU synthetic grips or towelling grips. Grip choice is a matter of personal preference. Players often find that sweat becomes a problem; in this case, a drying agent may be applied to the grip or hands, sweatbands may be used, the player may choose another grip material or change his grip more frequently.

There are two main types of grip: replacement grips and overgrips. Replacement grips are thicker, and are often used to increase the size of the handle. Overgrips are thinner (less than 1 mm), and are often used as the final layer. Many players, however, prefer to use replacement grips as the final layer. Towelling grips are always replacement grips. Replacement grips have an adhesive backing, whereas overgrips have only a small patch of adhesive at the start of the tape and must be applied under tension; overgrips are more convenient for players who change grips frequently, because they may be removed more rapidly without damaging the underlying material.

Playing court dimensions

Badminton court, isometric viewThe court is rectangular and divided into halves by a net. Courts are usually marked for both singles and doubles play, although the laws permit a court to be marked for singles only. The doubles court is wider than the singles court, but both are the same length. The exception, which often causes confusion to newer players, is that the doubles court has a shorter serve-length dimension.


The full width of the court is 6.1 metres (20 ft), and in singles this width is reduced to 5.18 metres (17 ft). The full length of the court is 13.4 metres (44 ft). The service courts are marked by a centre line dividing the width of the court, by a short service line at a distance of 1.98 metres (6 ft 6 inch) from the net, and by the outer side and back boundaries. In doubles, the service court is also marked by a long service line, which is 0.76 metres (2 ft 6 inch) from the back boundary.

The net is 1.55 metres (5 ft 1 inch) high at the edges and 1.524 metres (5 ft) high in the centre. The net posts are placed over the doubles sidelines, even when singles is played.

There is no mention in the Laws of Badminton of a minimum height for the ceiling above the court. Nonetheless, a badminton court will not be suitable if the ceiling is likely to be hit on a high serve

Triathlon - Muhammad Azsyakirin (29)

Triathlon consists of three sports: swimming, cycling, running. Triathletes compete for fastest overall course completion time, including timed "transitions" between the individual swim, bike, and run components.

Triathlon races vary in distance. Triathlon races vary in distance. According to the International Triathlon Union, and USA Triathlon, the main international race distances are Sprint distance (750 m swim, 20 km bike, 5 km run), Intermediate distance, commonly referred to as "Olympic distance" (1.5 km swim, 40 km ride, 10 km run), the Long Course (1.9 km swim, 90 km ride, 21.1 km run, such as the Half Ironman), and Ultra Distance (3.8 km swim, 180 km ride, and a marathon: 42.2 km run); the most popular branded Ultra Distance is the Ironman triathlon. There are also other types of Traithlon, for example, Kids of Steel, for ages 7 to 14, and there are also Half and Full.

Swim 2.4 miles! Bike 112 miles! Run 26.2 miles! Brag for the rest of your life! — Commander Collins, USN (1978)

Credits:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triathlon

ARCHERY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! XD

Archery has been dated back to the Stone Age when our prehistoric, grunting ancestor one day fashioned the basic bow and arrow and ran off to hunt down his dinner. It was also seen through the medieval ages when Robin Hood performed a feat of shooting an arrow through another arrow by hitting it dead centre. Till today, such a feat is known as a “Robin Hood”. Archery was also used through the ages as a weapon by countries such as Egypt, England, India, Korea, China and Japan, up until firearms made the use the bow and arrow obsolete. Today, archery is a sport practiced globally and one of the 33 sports in the Olympic Games.
Archery first became an Olympic Sport in 1900, but was dropped from the list in 1920 due to no uniform international rules. Once standardised rules were put in place, archery made a comeback in the 1972 Munich Games.
In archery, there are four main events- the men’s individual event and the team event and women’s individual event and the team event.
The sport is played by shooting a target 70 metres away from the shooting line. The target consists of 10 concentric rings beginning with two gold rings in the centre, surrounded by two red rings, then two blue rings, two black rings and finally 2 white rings. The centre ring is known as the “bullseye” and is 12.2 centimetres wide. Each ring carries a different number of points, ascending from one point for the outer ring to 10 points for the bullseye.
If an arrow lands on the line between two rings, the higher score is taken. Arrows that pass through or do not stick to the target are counted as well.
In individual competitions, 64 archers are first ranked from one to 64 during the qualifications. They then proceed to compete in head-to-head elimination rounds by firing 18 arrows in six rounds, three arrows per round. In the semi-final and final rounds archers shoot 12 arrows, three rounds in four rounds.
One of archery’s most famous athletes is Kim Soo-Nyung from Korea. Kim Soo-Nyung was only 17 years old when she clinched two gold medals in both the individual and team archery events at the 1988 Seoul Olympics. She went on to achieve a silver medal for the individual event and gold for the team event at the 1992 Barcelona Olympics. Kim Soo-Nyung retired at the age of 21 and got married and raised two children over the next seven years. In 1999, she resumed her training and bagged the gold medal for the team event and a bronze for the individual event at the Sydney Games in 2000. To add to this, she won four Gold medals in the World Championships and a bronze in the Asian Games.
Any archer would tell you that archery is no easy task. One would need a sharp eye, steady hands, a calm mind and nerves of steel. However, if you are interested and think you have what it takes, why not take up the bow and give it a shot.
For more information on Olympic Archery.
10 Fun Facts on Archery!

In 1904, archery was one of the first Olympic sports to include women.
Olympic archers use the recurve bow, which has limbs that curve away from archer to increase power.
The word “Bullseye” was used to describe pretty much anything small and round began in the 17th century including a target. However nobody knows for sure why a bull and not a chicken, cow, or sheep.
From where the archers stand at the shooting line, the bullseye looks about the same size as the head of a thumbtack held at arm's length.
Arrows made of aluminium and carbon can travel at speeds of more than 240 km/h!
When an arrow becomes embedded in another arrow, it is called a “Robin Hood”, after the fictional character who split an arrow by hitting it head on with another arrow he fired.
South Korea has the most number of Olympic Gold Medals for the sport.
Lee Chang Hwan from Korea holds the Olympic record for the men’s individual event (12 arrows match), with a score of 117 points.
Park Sung-Hyun from Korea holds the Olympic record for the women’s individual event (12 arrows match), with a score of 115 points.
During the Singapore Youth Olympic Games 2010, the archery events will be held at the Kallang Field.

p.s, i did NOT copy anyone. SRY IF ITS TOO LONG...:p

christal,ie2,4

Archery

Archery is a sport that dates back years and years before the mordern day version that we have today with all sorts of high-tech equipment and different techniques of shooting and competing with other archers.
2800BC ,the first composite bow was produced by the egyptians.It was made from wood ,tipped with animal horn and held together with animal sinew and glue.Unstrung,it resembleda "C" shape and would have required two people to string it.In normal competitions, matches are against one other archer. The archers take turns shooting arrows at a fixed target with ten concentric rings colored two each white,black blue,red and yellow.
Although archery has definitely changed since the people of the bible first use it,without it history might have turned out much differently.Bows and arrows saved many people's lives,and even do today.As a means of hunting animals for food,as a defensive or conquering weapon,or as an instrument in competition,the bow and arrow has impacted the world.Physically the structure of archery has developed,the circumstances for which archers use their blow and arrows has changed drastically,and the way in which warfare utilized archery has nearly come to an end.Archery has etched and will continue to etch an imprint on the world's mind-even if in history ,legends and stories.

Tennis

Tennis is a sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles). Each player uses a racket that is strung to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt past a net into the opponent's court.The modern game of tennis originated in the United Kingdom in the late 19th century as "lawn tennis" which has heavy connections to various field/lawn games as well as to the ancient game of real tennis. After its creation, tennis spread throughout the upper-class English-speaking population before spreading around the world[1]. Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society at all ages. The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket, including people in wheelchairs.

The court is 78 feet (23.77 m) long, and 27 feet (8.23 m) wide for singles matches and 36 ft (10.97 m) for doubles matches.Additional clear space around the court is required in order for players to reach overrun balls. A net is stretched across the full width of the court, parallel with the baselines, dividing it into two equal ends. The net is 3 feet 6 inches (1.07 m) high at the posts and 3 feet (91.4 cm) high in the cenThe lines that delineate the width of the court are called the baseline (farthest back) and the service line (middle of the court).

The short mark in the center of each baseline is referred to as either the hash mark or the center mark. The outermost lines that make up the length are called the doubles sidelines. These are the boundaries used when doubles is being played. The lines to the inside of the doubles sidelines are the singles sidelines and are used as boundaries in singles play. The area between a doubles sideline and the nearest singles sideline is called the doubles alley, which is considered playable in doubles play. The line that runs across the center of a player's side of the court is called the service line because the serve must be delivered into the area between the service line and the net on the receiving side.

Done By: Charmaine Cheong (3)

Class:1E2

measurements for table tennis

Here are the official table tennis table specifications that are used to make tables that are used in practice and tournament play. Measurements will be given in both feet and centimeters. Check out the diagram below which shows the dimensions so you can understand them completely.

• Length: 9ft. (2.74m)
• Width: 5ft. (1.525m)
• Height: 30 in. (76 cm)
• Net height: 6 in. (15.25 cm)

The white lines on the top of a table tennis table are 3/4 inch (2 cm) wide at the edges and ends. When playing doubles, the white line that goes down the center of the table is 1/8 in. (3mm) wide

Done by:

Sze Bin

Volleyball

Volleyball

Description

Volleyball is played by two teams of six players on court at any one time. Players try to score points by grounding the ball on the opponent's court under specific rules. When the ball is served into play, a team can touch the ball three times (exclude blocking) on its side of the net. Volleyball games are played to 25 points. The first team to score 25 points (and be two points ahead) will be awarded the set. Matches are determined through the best of five sets and the fifth set (if necessary) is usually played to 15 points.

What are the volleyball equipments and its specific measurement?

The court (for indoor) is 18m long and 9m wide. It is then divided into two 9mx9m sections by the net. There is also a line parallel to the net and 3m from the net that divides each side of the court into a front and back court. The net is 2.43m above the ground for competitive men's play and 2.24m for women's competitive play. The ball is usually made of leather or synthetic leather and is about 65-67cm in circumference.

Net height is 7' 11 5/8" for men. 7' 4 1/8" for women. Co-ed competition is played on a men's height net. The official height measurement is made in the center of the net. The height of the net at the sidelines can be no more than 3/4" higher than the official height. If you're playing on sand, these measurements are all made with the sand raked level. No accomodation is made for your feet sinking in the sand. If you're playing on grass, the measurements are made to the ground...not the top of the blades of grass.

Done by: Shi Chern

SHOOTING

History

Air guns represent the oldest pneumatic technology. The oldest existing mechanical air gun, a bellows air gun dating back to about 1580, is in the Livrustkammaren Museum in Stockholm. This is the timeline most historians peg as the beginning of the modern air gun.
In the 17th century, air guns, in calibers .30 - .51, were used to hunt big game deer and wild boar. These air rifles were charged using a pump to fill an air reservoir and gave velocities from 650-1,000 feet per second. They were also used in warfare; the most famous example is the Girandoni Air Rifle.

At that time, they had compelling advantages over the primitive firearms of the day. For example, air guns could be fired in wet weather and rain (unlike matchlock muskets) and with greater rapidity than At that time, they had compelling advantages over the primitive firearms of the day. For example, air guns could be fired in wet weather and rain (unlike matchlock muskets) and with greater rapidity than muzzle-loading guns. Moreover, they were quieter than a firearm of similar caliber, had no muzzle flash, and were completely smokeless, thus not disclosing the shooter's position. Black powder muskets of the 18th and 19th century produced huge volumes of dense smoke when fired, a disadvantage compared to air rifles.

Although some enthusiasts talk about air guns posing a serious alternative to powder weapons, that was never proved to be the case, as valve leaks and bursting reservoirs were known problems. Air guns also were delicate and crude, and peasant-soldiers, many of whom had never seen any mechanical tools more complex than horse-drawn carriages, could not have operated or maintained them properly. Later improvements in valve designs and reservoir strength either came too late or were too complex for the few air gunsmiths of the day.

But in the hands of skilled soldiers, they gave the military a distinct advantage. France, Austria and other nations had special sniper detachments using air rifles. The Austrian 1780 model was named Windbüchse (literally "wind rifle" in German). The gun was developed in 1778 or 1779 [1] by the Tyrolese watchmaker, mechanic and gunsmith Bartholomäus Girandoni (1744-1799) and is sometimes referred to as the Girandoni Air Rifle or Girandoni air gun in literature (the name is also spelled "Girandony," "Giradoni"[2] or "Girardoni".[3]) The Windbüchse was about 4 ft (1.2 m) long and weighed 10 pounds (4.5 kg), which was about the same size and mass as a conventional musket. The air reservoir was a removable, club-shaped butt. The Windbüchse carried twenty-two .51 in (13 mm) lead balls in a tubular magazine. A skilled shooter could fire off one magazine in about thirty seconds, which was a fearsome rate of fire compared to a muzzle loader. A shot from this air gun could penetrate aone-inch wooden board at a hundred paces, an effect roughly equal to that of a modern 9 mm or .45 ACP caliber pistol.


Around 1820, the Japanese inventor Kunitomo Ikkansai developed various manufacturing methods for guns, and also created an air gun based on the study of Western knowledge ("rangaku") acquired from the Dutch in Dejima.


Air guns appear throughout other periods of history. The celebrated expedition headed by Lewis and Clark (1804) carried a reservoir air gun, later believed to be the Girandoni Military Repeating Air rifle in Dr Robert Beeman's Collection.[citation needed] It held 22 round balls in a tubular magazine mounted on the side ofthe barrel. The butt stock served as the air reservoir and had a working pressure of 800 PSI. The rifle was said to be capable of 22 aimed shots in one minute.
However, that air rifle is measured to have a rifled bore of .452" and a groove diameter 0.462".

During the 1890s, air rifles were used in Birmingham, England, for competitive target shooting. Matches were held in public houses, which sponsored shooting teams. Prizes, such as a leg of mutton for the winning team, were paid for by the losing team. The sport became so popular that just after the turn of the 19th century,[when?] a National Air Rifle Association was created. During this time over 4,000 air rifle clubs and associations existed across Britain, many of them in Birmingham. During this time, the air gun was associated with poaching because it could deliver a shot without a significant report.

Today's modern air guns are typically low-powered because of safety concerns and legal restrictions; however, high-powered designs are still used for hunting.

These air rifles can propel a pellet beyond 1100 ft/s (330 m/s), approximately the speed of sound, and produce a noise similar to a .22 caliber rimfire rifle.

Using lead pellets, some current spring powered .177 pellet guns can break the sound barrier. Most low-powered air guns can be safely fired in a backyard or garden, and even indoors, with a proper backstop.

In some countries, air guns are still classified as firearms, and as such it may be illegal to discharge them in residential areas. Air guns can be highly accurate and are used in target shooting events at the Olympic Games, governed by the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF).

Use

Air guns are used for hunting, pest control, recreational shooting (commonly known as plinking), airsoft fights,(in which players fire airsoft guns at each other). and competitive sports, such as the Olympic 10 m Air Rifle and 10 m Air Pistol events. Field Target (FT) is a competitive form of target shooting in which the targets are knock-down metal silhouettes of animals, with a 'kill zone' cut out of the steel plate. Hunter Field Target (HFT) is a variation, using identical equipment, but with differing rules. The distances FT and HFT competitions are shot at range between 10 metres and 50 metres,with varying sizes of 'reducers' being used to increase or decrease the size of the kill zone. In the UK, competition power limits are set at the legal maximum for an unlicensed air rifle, i.e. 12 ft·lbf.


Rifle

• Four position small bore is a popular sport in the U.S.
• The six Rifle ISSF shooting events (including three Olympic events) consist of long-time target shooting from distances of 10, 50 and 300 m.
• The two Running Target ISSF shooting events consist of rapid shooting at a target that moves sideways from distances of 10 and 50 m.
• Biathlon is an Olympic sport combining shooting and cross-country skiing.
• The CISM Rapid Fire match is a speeded version of the ISSF 300 m Standard Rifle event.
• Muzzle loading and Cowboy action shooting are concerned with shooting replica (or antique) guns
• Gallery rifle shooting is popular in the UK and was introduced as a substitute for many pistol shooting disciplines following the 1997 handgun ban.
• Benchrest shooting is concerned with shooting small groups with the rifleman sitting on a chair (bench) and the rifle supported from a table. Of all shooting disciplines, this is the most demanding equipment-wise.
• High Power Rifle (also known as "Across the Course" or 'traditional' High power) in the United States is a format that shoots 3-position (standing, kneeling or sitting, and prone) at 200, 300, and 600 yards. The term "Across the Course" is used because the match format requires the competitors to shoot at different distances to complete the course of fire.
• Fullbore target shooting is concerned with shooting at targets at ranges of 300–1200 yards
• Field Target is an outdoor air gun discipline originating in the United Kingdom, but gaining popularity worldwide.
• There are a vast number of nationally recognized sports, including:
• Full bore and small bore, rifle shooting in the United Kingdom.
• Three position airgun competitions, popular in the United States
• Field shooting, often at very long distances, popular in Scandinavia.
• Running target shooting at 80 m, on a target depicting an elk, popular in Sweden as a hunting exercise
• Summer biathlon, with skiing replaced by running, popular in Germany.

Military Service Rifle is a shooting discipline that involves the use of rifles that are used by military forces and law-enforcement agencies, both past andpresent use. Ex-military rifles, sniper rifles (both past and present) and civilian versions of current use service rifles are commonly used in the Military Service Rifle shooting competitions. It is popular in the United States and culminates each year with the National Matches being held at Camp Perry, Ohio. Some countries have outlawed civilian shooting at human-silhouette targets, though. Silhouette targets are not used in the National Match Course of Fire. Bullseye targets are used. High Power Rifle competition often is held at the same events as Service Rifle, such as the U.S. national championships each year at Camp Perry. High Power competitors generally are civilians using whatever rifles they prefer within the rules, whereasService Rifle entrants are limited to current or previous U.S. armed forces weapons. Although according to NRA rules only certain matches allow optical sights, normally those conducted at ranges over 600 yards.

• Palma competition dates from 1876, featuring long-range rifle shooting, out to 1,000 yards. The first Palma match was contested by teams from the U.S. and Ireland (with muzzle loaded rifles at that time), and continues in various nations today
• One other air rifle event is the 3-position (3P), which consists of the standing, kneeling and prone (lying down) positions.
• Finally, there is a different air rifle class, not yet in the olympics, called the sporter class. This is where you shoot under strict rules, and are not allowed much of the stiff clothing precision shooters use. You can also get sporter 3P events.

Handgun

• The six Pistol ISSF shooting events (including four Olympic events) consist of both precision and rapid-fire target shooting from distances of 10, 25, and 50 metres. In the UK (except for Northern Ireland), it is not possible to practice for some of the Olympic events following the Firearms (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1997.
• Modern pentathlon includes timed shooting with an air pistol as the first of its five parts
• The CISM Rapid Fire match is similar to the ISSF 25 m Rapid Fire Pistol event.
• Practical shooting, developed by civilian marksmen and later used as a basis for military and police exercises, is a variation where the shooter often moves during shooting, and hit scores andshooting time are equally important.
• PPC 1500, also developed into police exercises, is standard precision shooting, as opposed to practical shooting, but somewhat imitating real-life conditions.
• Muzzle loading and Cowboy Action Shooting, as above, also use revolvers.
• Metallic silhouette shooting, developed to loosely simulate hunting, is shooting at heavy animal-shaped steel silhouettes that must be knocked down to score, typically at long range using very powerful pistol.
• ActionAirgun is an indoor action shooting sport using semi-automatic airsoft pistols and courses of fire downloaded from a central hub. Shooters upload shooting times to a website to resolve competitions.
• Here also there are a vast number of nationally recognized sports, including:
• The National Rifle Association (NRA) Conventional Pistol, shot with up to three different handguns, popular in the United States and Canada and also some other countries. This is sometimes termed Bullseye (shooting competition).
• Field shooting, a type of variable rapid-fire competition, popular in Scandinavia.
• The Bianchi Cup One of the most lucrative of all shooting sports championships worldwide
• Airsoft IPSC Follow the same principle of IPSC, however, shooters use airsoft gun instead. The range, paper targets and poppers are scaled down to suit for airsoft pistols
• Other, less formally organized shooting sports include:
• Knocking bowling pins off a table top,
• Steel "reactive" targets,
• and general "plinking" at miscellaneous objects.

Shotgun

• The three Shotgun ISSF shooting events (presently all Olympic) are based on quick reaction to clay targets thrown by a machine.
• Other shotgun sports with (at least partial) international recognition include Sporting Clays, providing more variation than the standard ISSF events, and Down-The-Line. Five stand is also a shotgun shooting sport similar to skeet, but with more target variety. There are five stations, or stands. At each station there is normally a card that lets the shooter know the sequence of birds he or she will be shooting at.
• Cowboy Action Shooting also may involve shotguns.
• Practical Shooting uses high capacity shotguns (usually pump or semi-automatic). It has emerged particularly in countries where handguns have been banned.

Shooting range:type

Indoor

• Stationary target practice

Indoor ranges usually have a back wall with a sloped earthen berm or bank, with reinforced baffles additionally situated along the roof and side walls. Ranges with proper ventilation pull smoke and lead particles away from the shooting line and discharge them from the building to reduce potential lead poisoning.When ranges lack proper ventilation, employees and users are exposed to lead dust from bullets or cartridge primers. It can be inhaled or can settle on skin or clothing.[2] Additionally, discharge of firearms in indoor ranges can produce noise levels of over 140 dB sound pressure level.[3] To combat this, it is commonly recommended to "double up" ear protection by using both earplugs and over the head earmuffs. To protect range bystanders from sound exposure, many modern ranges have an air-locked corridor for sound-proofing, with two doors at opposite ends of the egress corridor. Most indoor ranges restrict the use of certain powerful calibers, rifles or the use of fully-automatic weapons. In many shooting ranges 50 caliber or higher bullets are not allowed.

Outdoor

Outdoor shooting ranges are often required for longer distance shooting sometimes exceeding 1,000 metres (1,094 yd). Training might also specifically require exposure to the elements such as wind or rain.

Outdoor shooting ranges usually are backed by a high retaining wall, earth mound, sandbag barrier or specially-designed funnel-shaped traps to prevent the ricochet of bullets or shots going outside the bounds of the shooting range. Most outdoor ranges additionally restrict the maximum caliber size, or have separate ranges devoted to use for higher-powered firearms.

Air rifle

Outdoor air rifle ranges are usually for the practice of the sport of Field Target shooting where metal targets are placed in natural surroundings at various ranges and elevations.

Small-bore rifle

Small-bore (.22 Long Rifle caliber) rifle ranges are typically 50 metres (55 yd) to accommodate the Olympic 50 m Rifle event, but they can extend to 200 metres (219 yd). These ranges are found around the world as part of various cadet shooting programs sometimes reduced to 25 metres (27 yd).

Full-Bore Rifle

site “ZerRange for large calibre rifles are seldom shorter than 100 metres (109 yd) except in the case of “Zero” ranges (for setting or checking a rifle and telescopic o”). Military ranges are typically at least 600 metres (656 yd) — 1,000 metres (1,094 yd) to safely accommodate the range of most assault rifles (up to 600 metres (656 yd)). Public ranges can be as long as and typically accommodate hunters and sportsman participating in sports such as 300 m Standard Rifle, metallic silhouette or benchrest shooting (ranges up to 2,000 yards (1,829 m)).

Shotgun

Specialist ranges cater for various clay pigeon shooting events and require special layouts and equipment.

Firing point

The firing point will normally be at a defined point on the ground, and on a civilian range will usually be level and flat. Outdoor ranges without a covered firing point are usually grass, often on a slightly raised, flattened mound. Outdoor ranges with a covered firing point are usually concrete or tarmacadam. Outdoor military range firing points are not usually covered and may have other configurations, e.g. sloping, a gravel base or hole in the ground.

The firing point cover can be as simple as a tent, to a frame with only a roof (to keep off rain or sunshine) to a substantial building with appropriate apertures to shoot through.

Title for work: Air gun. Information found from:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_gun.(26/03/10)

DONE BY: Joey ling 1E2 (11) =D

Tennis

Tennis

Description

A Tennis match is a game of endurance, quick-wittedness and precise execution. It consists of a pre-determined number of sets, which in turn consists of games. Each game is made up of a sequence of points played with the same player serving. For the Singles competitions, all matches will be determined through the best of three tie-break sets. For the Doubles competitions, all matches will be determined by two tie-break sets and a match tie-break game (10 points) in place of a third set.

What has tennis got to do we measurements?

• Playing Lines: The outside dimensions of the playing lines shall be as follows:
  Doubles 36' x 78' (10.973 m x 23.774 m)Singles 27' x 78' (8.230 m x 23.774 m)
  All lines shall be not less than 1" (2.54 cm) or more than 2" (5 cm) in width, except the base line which may be up to 4' (10 cm) in width and the center line which shall be 2" (5 cm) in width.
  This allowable variation in line width results in non-uniformity and confusion and, therefore, the U.S. Tennis Court and Track Builders Association recommends that all lines be 2" (5 cm) in width, except the base line which may be up to 4" (10 cm) in width.
  All measurements shall be to the outer edge of the lines except the center line and the center mark which shall be on the center line of the court.

• Tolerance : The lines shall be laid out and applied as close to the exact measurements as is possible within the limitations of the surface on which they are being applied. At no time shall the line dimensions vary more then one-quarter inch from the exact measurement. The type of surface and intended purpose of the court, i.e. recreation, club, tournament, etc., however, shall be the factors considered in determining the allowed tolerance.
  3.0 Back Space
  Tournament play requires a minimum 21' (6.401 m) from base line to fixed obstruction (i.e. backstop, wall, etc.). In non-tournament play, this distance may be reduced to 18' (5.486 m).

• Side Space : Not less than 12' (3.658 m) from side line to fixed obstruction (i.e. sidestop, light pole, wall, etc.).
  For indoor courts where netting is used between courts, the netting is considered to be a movable obstruction, in which case 9' (2.743 m) is considered a minimum between sideline and netting. Only where space limitations become a factor and the 12' (3.658 m) minimum cannot be provided may the side space from side line to a fixed obstruction be reduced to a minimum of 9-1/2' (2.896 m). This dimension does not restrict obstructions at the net line; for example, the net post of the adjacent courts or light standards.

• Clearance Between Courts: Where courts are constructed within the confines of a common enclosure, the distance between side lines should be not less than 12' (3.658 m). Where space permits, it is desirable to provide additional space between side lines to enhance play.

• Overhead Clearance: The space directly above the area within the playing lines should be free from any overhead obstructions for outside play, and should be not less than 20' (6.096 m) over the baseline and 35' (10.668 m) over the net line for indoor play

• Backstop/Sidestop: The backstops should be 10' (or 3 m) in height above the court surface for most normal installations. Where local conditions dictate additional security or ball retention, a higher backstop may be required. For residential courts, 8' (2.438 m) in height is adequate when the adjacent area is such that a ball going over the backstop or sidestop can be retrieved without personal hazard or hardship and without undue intrusion on adjoining property.
  The sidestops should be the same height as the backstops for a minimum distance of approximately 20' (6.096 m) from the backstop. The height of the sidestop in the remaining area, if used, may vary to suit local conditions. In no instance shall the sidestop, where used, be less than 3' (or 1 m) in height.
  Backstop and sidestop material, when manufactured to metric standards, varies slightly from the dimensions set forth above. The equivalent standard dimension material may be substituted and has been indicated above.

• Stadium - Tournament Court: For tournament play where judges are required, a clear area a minimum of 70' x 130' (21.336 m x 39.624 m) should be provided. This allows a minimum clear playing area of 60' x 120' (18.288 mx 36.576 m) with an additional perimeter area for judges as well as a safe overrun area for the player
  

• Net Posts: Net posts shall be set 3' (.914 m) outside the side line 33' (10.058 m) singles, 42' (12.802 m) doubles, center to center of posts. The top of the net at the inside face of the posts or supports when used to support a net for singles play on a doubles court shall be exactly 42" (1.067 m) above the court surface. There shall be no obstruction above the top of the net at any point, including at the post.

• Playing Lines: Playing lines shall be (specify one: woven webbing saturated with a white lead or aluminum paint, approved by the manufacturer of the woven webbing) firmly held in place by 10d (specify one: aluminum* or copper) nails. Base lines shall be not more than four inches (4") wide and playing lines not more than two inches (2") wide, accurately positioned in accordance with regulations of the United States Tennis Association.

Tennis Court Orientation

From a study of weather and playing conditions in our country it
has been determined that, in general, courts built south of the 38th degree
parallel, a line which runs approximately through Louisville, Kentucky, are
playable on a twelve month year-around basis. Courts north of the 38th degree
parallel are considered non-playable for approximately four to five winter
months of the year due to cold weather. Therefore, because of the summer sun
angle during standard time, at approximately 3 p.m. to 4 p.m., outdoor courts
north of the 38th degree parallel can be oriented directly true north-south.
This will allow good playing conditions during the summer months from mid to
late afternoon.

Outdoor courts built south of the 38th degree parallel,
however, are considered generally good for play all year around. By a careful
analysis of sun angles at both equinox times in mid-March and mid-September,
between 3 p.m. and 4 p.m., when it is assumed that most tennis is played, and
taking into account the fact that about 85% of the players are right-handed, it
has been determined that the most comfortable angle for court setting is 22
degrees south-east and north-west for the length of the court off true
north-south. This can even be increased to 30 degrees off north-south for courts
built in the extreme southern areas of the United States.

The first courts known to be oriented 22 degrees south-east and north-west were constructed in Houston about 35 years ago. Observation of these and other courts south of the 38th parallel at both equinox times show no shadow of the net on either side of the court between 3 p.m. and 4 p.m., which indicates that each side of the court has equal sun angles, which is assumed to be the ideal outdoor playing condition with respect to sun glare affecting either side of the court more than the
other.

As the sun moves lower (south) in the winter months and higher (north)
in the mid-summer months, the sun glare angle will be slightly more on the
respective sides of the courts, but not enough to materially produce excessive
glare.

On the other hand, if an outdoor court were laid out exactly
north-south in the southern part of the United States, the intense glare from
the sun in the mid-winter months between 3 p.m. and 4 p.m. would seriously
affect right-handed players on the north court by their having to look directly
into the suns rays as they face the south court, and would make playing
conditions extremely uncomfortable.

The final orientation of the tennis court is also affected by the cost of construction relative to the substantial slope of the land, zoning requirements and/or the owner's wishes. The need to orient a tennis court in a predominant east - west direction may exist in order to fulfill the construction criteria for the tennis facility, but it should be recognized that a predominant east-west orientation may substantially impair the
useability of the facility.

If the owner's desires are for evening or night play, orientation does not become an extremely important concern. Refer to the outdoor lighting section for further information.

Done by:

Lim Wei Jie

WHAT IS TABLE TENNIS?

Table tennis is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight, hollow ball back and forth with rackets. The game takes place on a hard table divided by a net. Except for the initial serve, players must allow a ball played toward them only one bounce on their side of the table and must return it so that it bounces on the opposite side. Points are scored when a player fails to return the ball within the rules. Play is fast and demands quick reactions. A skilled player can impart several varieties of spin to the ball, altering its trajectory and limiting an opponent's options to great advantage

WHY MEASUREMENT HAVE TO DO WITH TABLE TENNIS?

Measurement is important in table tennis as you can see from the picture above, the tennis table has a width of 5 feet,the lenght of 9 feet,the net height of 6 inches and the height of the tenniss table of 2 feet and 6 inches.the measurement of each part of the tennis table must be accurate to make it fair for the players.the height of the tennis table must be standard so that both players could reach the table without difficulty.we need line to determin to see whether the ball lands at where if it touches the net the player who shoots the ball will lose.

done by:hong jun

Badminton

What is badminton?

Badminton is a racquet sports played by either two opposing players (singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles), who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court that is divided by a net. Players score points by striking a shuttlecock with their racquet so that it passes over the net and lands in their opponents' half of the court. A rally ends once the shuttlecock has struck the ground, and each side may only strike the shuttlecock once before it passes over the net.

Since 2009, badminton has been an Olympic sport with five events: men's and women's singles, men's and women's doubles, and mixed doubles, in which each pair consists of a man and a woman. At high levels of play, the sport demands excellent fitness: players require aerobic stamina, agility, strength, speed and precision. It is also a technical sport, requiring good motor coordination and the development of sophisticated racquet movements.

What has badminton got to do with measurement?

Measurement is important in badminton as from the picture above, you can see that the badminton court is 20 feet(6.1m) by 40 feet (13.4m), but without accurate measurement the court may not be the length and breath it should be causing unfairness to some players.

Measurement is also important because we need to measure where the shuttlecock lands, in order to award the point to the player who deserves it . If the shuttlecock lands within the single line for single and doubles line for doubles it is consider a 'in'. And in order to to pevernt parallax error, we have line judge to determine if the shuttlecock is 'in' or 'out'.

Done by: Ng Wei Lun