Air Rifle by Adrian

Air guns represent the oldest pneumatic technology.These air rifles were charged using a pump to fill an air reservoir and gave velocities of up to 1000FPS (feet per second). They had a compelling advantage over rather primitive firearms of the day.

Today's modern Air guns are typically low-powered due to safety concerns

and Legal restrictions;however, high-powered rifles are still used for hunting.

In some countries,Air rifles are still classified as firearms,and as such it may be illegal to discharge them in residential areas.Air rifles can be highly accurate and are used in

target shooting events at the olympics.

Air Guns are used for hunting,pest control,recreational shooting,airsoft fights and olympic events such as 10m air rifle and 10m pistol events.

The distances FT and HFT competitions are shot at range between 10 metres and 50 metres, with varying sizes of 'reducers' being used to increase or decrease the size of the kill zone. In the UK, competition power limits are set at the legal maximum for an unlicensed air rifle, i.e. 12ft.lb .


Pneumatic air guns utilize pre-compressed air as the source of energy to propel the projectile. Single-stroke and multi-stroke guns utilize an on board pump to pressurize the air in their reservoir, Pre-charged Pneumatic guns' reservoirs are filled using either a high-pressure hand pump (often capable of attaining pressures of 30 MPa) or by decanting the necessary volume/pressure of air from a diving cylinder. Because of this design, having no significant movement of heavy mechanical parts during the firing cycle, the recoil produced is only the "true" recoil, equivalent to the equal and opposite reaction to the pellet and air volume's acceleration up the bore.

RIFLE

• Four position small bore is a popular sport in the U.S.
• The six Rifle ISSF shooting events (including three Olympic events) consist of long-time target shooting from distances of 10, 50 and 300 m.
• The two Running Target ISSF shooting events consist of rapid shooting at a target that moves sideways from distances of 10 and 50 m.
• Biathlon is an Olympic sport combining shooting and cross-country skiing.
• The CISM Rapid Fire match is a speeded version of the ISSF 300 m Standard Rifle event.
• Muzzle loading and Cowboy action shooting are concerned with shooting replica (or antique) guns
• Gallery rifle shooting is popular in the UK and was introduced as a substitute for many pistol shooting disciplines following the 1997 handgun ban.
• Benchrest shooting is concerned with shooting small groups with the rifleman sitting on a chair (bench) and the rifle supported from a table. Of all shooting disciplines, this is the most demanding equipment-wise.
• High Power Rifle (also known as "Across the Course" or 'traditional' High power) in the United States is a format that shoots 3-position (standing, kneeling or sitting, and prone) at 200, 300, and 600 yards. The term "Across the Course" is used because the match format requires the competitors to shoot at different distances to complete the course of fire.
• Fullbore target shooting is concerned with shooting at targets at ranges of 300–1200 yards
• Field Target is an outdoor air gun discipline originating in the United Kingdom, but gaining popularity worldwide.
• There are a vast number of nationally recognized sports, including:
• Full bore and small bore, rifle shooting in the United Kingdom.
• Three position airgun competitions, popular in the United States
• Field shooting, often at very long distances, popular in Scandinavia.
• Running target shooting at 80 m, on a target depicting an elk, popular in Sweden as a hunting exercise
• Summer biathlon, with skiing replaced by running, popular in Germany.

Military Service Rifle is a shooting discipline that involves the use of rifles that are used by military forces and law-enforcement agencies, both past andpresent use. Ex-military rifles, sniper rifles (both past and present) and civilian versions of current use service rifles are commonly used in the Military Service Rifle shooting competitions. It is popular in the United States and culminates each year with the National Matches being held at Camp Perry, Ohio. Some countries have outlawed civilian shooting at human-silhouette targets, though. Silhouette targets are not used in the National Match Course of Fire. Bullseye targets are used. High Power Rifle competition often is held at the same events as Service Rifle, such as the U.S. national championships each year at Camp Perry. High Power competitors generally are civilians using whatever rifles they prefer within the rules, whereasService Rifle entrants are limited to current or previous U.S. armed forces weapons. Although according to NRA rules only certain matches allow optical sights, normally those conducted at ranges over 600 yards.

• Palma competition dates from 1876, featuring long-range rifle shooting, out to 1,000 yards. The first Palma match was contested by teams from the U.S. and Ireland (with muzzle loaded rifles at that time), and continues in various nations today
• One other air rifle event is the 3-position (3P), which consists of the standing, kneeling and prone (lying down) positions.
• Finally, there is a different air rifle class, not yet in the olympics, called the sporter class. This is where you shoot under strict rules, and are not allowed much of the stiff clothing precision shooters use. You can also get sporter 3P events.

Handgun

• The six Pistol ISSF shooting events (including four Olympic events) consist of both precision and rapid-fire target shooting from distances of 10, 25, and 50 metres. In the UK (except for Northern Ireland), it is not possible to practice for some of the Olympic events following the Firearms (Amendment) (No. 2) Act 1997.
• Modern pentathlon includes timed shooting with an air pistol as the first of its five parts
• The CISM Rapid Fire match is similar to the ISSF 25 m Rapid Fire Pistol event.
• Practical shooting, developed by civilian marksmen and later used as a basis for military and police exercises, is a variation where the shooter often moves during shooting, and hit scores andshooting time are equally important.
• PPC 1500, also developed into police exercises, is standard precision shooting, as opposed to practical shooting, but somewhat imitating real-life conditions.
• Muzzle loading and Cowboy Action Shooting, as above, also use revolvers.
• Metallic silhouette shooting, developed to loosely simulate hunting, is shooting at heavy animal-shaped steel silhouettes that must be knocked down to score, typically at long range using very powerful pistol.
• ActionAirgun is an indoor action shooting sport using semi-automatic airsoft pistols and courses of fire downloaded from a central hub. Shooters upload shooting times to a website to resolve competitions.
• Here also there are a vast number of nationally recognized sports, including:
• The National Rifle Association (NRA) Conventional Pistol, shot with up to three different handguns, popular in the United States and Canada and also some other countries. This is sometimes termed Bullseye (shooting competition).
• Field shooting, a type of variable rapid-fire competition, popular in Scandinavia.
• The Bianchi Cup One of the most lucrative of all shooting sports championships worldwide
• Airsoft IPSC Follow the same principle of IPSC, however, shooters use airsoft gun instead. The range, paper targets and poppers are scaled down to suit for airsoft pistols
• Other, less formally organized shooting sports include:
• Knocking bowling pins off a table top,
• Steel "reactive" targets,
• and general "plinking" at miscellaneous objects.

Shotgun

• The three Shotgun ISSF shooting events (presently all Olympic) are based on quick reaction to clay targets thrown by a machine.
• Other shotgun sports with (at least partial) international recognition include Sporting Clays, providing more variation than the standard ISSF events, and Down-The-Line. Five stand is also a shotgun shooting sport similar to skeet, but with more target variety. There are five stations, or stands. At each station there is normally a card that lets the shooter know the sequence of birds he or she will be shooting at.
• Cowboy Action Shooting also may involve shotguns.
• Practical Shooting uses high capacity shotguns (usually pump or semi-automatic). It has emerged particularly in countries where handguns have been banned.

Shooting range:type

Indoor

• Stationary target practice

Indoor ranges usually have a back wall with a sloped earthen berm or bank, with reinforced baffles additionally situated along the roof and side walls. Ranges with proper ventilation pull smoke and lead particles away from the shooting line and discharge them from the building to reduce potential lead poisoning.When ranges lack proper ventilation, employees and users are exposed to lead dust from bullets or cartridge primers. It can be inhaled or can settle on skin or clothing.[2] Additionally, discharge of firearms in indoor ranges can produce noise levels of over 140 dB sound pressure level.[3] To combat this, it is commonly recommended to "double up" ear protection by using both earplugs and over the head earmuffs. To protect range bystanders from sound exposure, many modern ranges have an air-locked corridor for sound-proofing, with two doors at opposite ends of the egress corridor. Most indoor ranges restrict the use of certain powerful calibers, rifles or the use of fully-automatic weapons. In many shooting ranges 50 caliber or higher bullets are not allowed.

Outdoor

Outdoor shooting ranges are often required for longer distance shooting sometimes exceeding 1,000 metres (1,094 yd). Training might also specifically require exposure to the elements such as wind or rain.

Outdoor shooting ranges usually are backed by a high retaining wall, earth mound, sandbag barrier or specially-designed funnel-shaped traps to prevent the ricochet of bullets or shots going outside the bounds of the shooting range. Most outdoor ranges additionally restrict the maximum caliber size, or have separate ranges devoted to use for higher-powered firearms.

Air rifle

Outdoor air rifle ranges are usually for the practice of the sport of Field Target shooting where metal targets are placed in natural surroundings at various ranges and elevations.

Small-bore rifle

Small-bore (.22 Long Rifle caliber) rifle ranges are typically 50 metres (55 yd) to accommodate the Olympic 50 m Rifle event, but they can extend to 200 metres (219 yd). These ranges are found around the world as part of various cadet shooting programs sometimes reduced to 25 metres (27 yd).

Full-Bore Rifle

site “ZerRange for large calibre rifles are seldom shorter than 100 metres (109 yd) except in the case of “Zero” ranges (for setting or checking a rifle and telescopic o”). Military ranges are typically at least 600 metres (656 yd) — 1,000 metres (1,094 yd) to safely accommodate the range of most assault rifles (up to 600 metres (656 yd)). Public ranges can be as long as and typically accommodate hunters and sportsman participating in sports such as 300 m Standard Rifle, metallic silhouette or benchrest shooting (ranges up to 2,000 yards (1,829 m)).

Shotgun

Specialist ranges cater for various clay pigeon shooting events and require special layouts and equipment.

Firing point

The firing point will normally be at a defined point on the ground, and on a civilian range will usually be level and flat. Outdoor ranges without a covered firing point are usually grass, often on a slightly raised, flattened mound. Outdoor ranges with a covered firing point are usually concrete or tarmacadam. Outdoor military range firing points are not usually covered and may have other configurations, e.g. sloping, a gravel base or hole in the ground.

The firing point cover can be as simple as a tent, to a frame with only a roof (to keep off rain or sunshine) to a substantial building with appropriate apertures to shoot through.

Hockey by Terry

hockey and its measurement

Hockey is a Youth Olympic Games sport. Hockey have lots of different kind but it has all the same rules and all the same measurement.

The hockey stick have a diameter of approximately 30mm to a flat width of approximately 46mm but the weight of it depends on the players if they want more or less strength.the whole indoor field size is 18m to 22m wide by 36m to 44m long. The goal post is 9m away from the semicircle in the middle of the field, and it is 2m high by 3m wide and a minimum of 1m deep
In each team, they must have 12 people and only 6 of them will be playing in the game.The rest is reserve

Badminton !

Introduction for Badminton .

Badminton is a racquet sport played by two opposing players .
Either in singles or doubles .
A rally ends once the shuttlecock has struck the ground, and each side may only strike the shuttlecock once before it passes over the net.
The shuttlecock (or shuttle) is a feathered projectile whose unique aerodynamic properties cause it to fly differently from the balls used in most racquet sports .
Shuttlecocks have a much higher top speed, when compared to other racquet sports. Because shuttlecock flight is affected by wind .The badminton court size is divided into two equal half’s, called The Net Line. The Net Lines dimension fills up the entire width of the court, creating an equal space of 22 feet long and 20 feet wide on each side of the line.

Measurement

Measurement is important in badminton . Without accurate measurement the court may not be the length and breath it should be causing unfairness to some players.
We also need to measure where the shuttlecock lands on in order to declare the winner .
If the shuttlecock lands within the single line for single and doubles line for doubles it is consider a 'in'. And in order to prevent parallax error, we have line judge to determine if the shuttlecock is 'in' or 'out'.
Without this measurements , the game played will not be fair .

Done By : Iffah [10] :D

Credits :
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badminton

Badminton Court Size and Dimension

A badminton court dimension for every court played on must be a certain length and width, and of course will differ from singles play to doubles play. In a Singles play court, the badminton court measurement is 17 by 44 feet. In a doubles play court, the badminton court size must be 20 by 44 feet. Of course, these are only for professional games; you can use any badminton court measurements outside of scheduled games.

The badminton court size is divided into two equal half’s, called The Net Line. The Net Lines dimension fills up the entire width of the court, creating an equal space of 22 feet long and 20 feet wide on each side of the line. A typical Badminton net goes over this line, the badminton net is five feet tall, and will stretch out through the entire width of the court. badminton court length net height line is necessary for every badminton court; you simply can’t play without it.

The Short Service Line is on both sides of the Net Line. The Short Service Line is usually about 6 to 7 feet away from the Center Line, on both sides. On a serve, the shuttlecock must pass this line, or it is a fault and resulting in a loss of serve. Inside this area can also be referred to the “Non-Volley Zone”

Singles play is long and narrow; Doubles play is short and wide. The Singles Side Line is approximately 1.5 feet inside of the Doubles Side Line (also the overall court sideline). The Doubles Back Line is about 2.5 feet inside of the Singles Back Line (also known as the overall court back line).

Of course, following these badminton court size and dimension makes the game more natural, but its not necessary to have these exact badminton measurements to have a good game of badminton.

Done by:Chen Kai Xin

Youth Olympic Games. Badminton

(Introduction)
Singapore, November 17, 2008 – Badminton players hoping to represent Singapore at the 2010 Youth Olympic Games (YOG) will get a chance to make the national squad at the ongoing Cheers Age-Group championships.
The Youth Olympic Games will feature boys’ and girls’ singles badminton for ages 14 to 18 years.



(Measurements) Singles court measurement

In singles the long service line is the very back line of the court, parallel to the net. In doubles this is the line 76cm (2' 6") nearer the net. The area between these two lines in called the back tramlines.The line perpendicular to the net that bisects the court is called the centre line, and the outer edges of the side tramlines are called the sidelines

(BADMINTON LINES)
Each line is part of the court, so that if the base of the shuttle touches any part of a line, it is considered as being 'in', ie having landed within the area of the court. They are 4cm (1.5") wide.

BASSKETBALL BY Jasni

BASKETBALL

Basketball is a team sport played in a court with two netted rings attached to 10-foot poles on either end of the court. Five active players per team attempt to score points by getting a ball through one of the nets. Variations on the basic game include beach basketball, wheelchair basketball and bankshot basketball.

1
The referee throws up the ball to start the game. Two players from the opposing teams vie to take possession of the ball.
Step 2
The team that catches the ball first plays offense, and the opposing team plays defense.
Step 3
Players of the same team pass (toss) the ball back and forth as the opposition attempts to take possession of it. Team player are assigned different positions: point guard, shooting guard, small forward, power forward and center.
Step 4
The ball must be continually dribbled (bounced on the floor) as players try to move it toward the extreme ends of the court where the netted rings wait. Don't walk with the ball, which is called traveling. You have to dribble or shoot the ball.
Step 5
Each player must throw the ball within a maximum of 35 seconds. The players cannot kick the ball.
Step 6
Making illegal body contact is a foul. (See Resources below for a list of fouls.) If a team commits consecutive fouls, their opponents are awarded a free throw. If a player commits six fouls in an NBA game (or five fouls in a high-school or college game), he or she will be disqualified from fininishing the game.
Step 7
The team that scores the most points in the stipulated time is the winner. If the teams are tied at the end of regulation, the game goes into overtime. Overtime periods are played until one team has more points than the other at the end of an overtime period.

Playing court:
College: 94 feet long by 50 feet wide (ideal dimensions). High School: 84 feet long by 50 feet wide (ideal dimensions).
Baskets:
Rings 18 inches in inside diameter, with white cord 12-mesh nets, 15 to 18 inches in length. Each ring is made of metal, is not more than 5/8 of an inch in diameter, and is bright orange in color.
Height of basket:
10 feet (upper edge).
Weight of ball:
Not less than 20 ounces nor more than 22.
Circumference of ball:
Not greater than 30 inches and not less than 29 1/2.
Free-throw line:
15 feet from the face of the backboard, 2 inches wide.
Three-point field goal line:
19 feet, 9 inches from the center of the basket. In the National Basketball Association, the distance is 22 feet.

DONE BY JASNI

Badminton by Yue Juan...

Records :

The most powerful stroke in badminton is the smash, which is hit steeply downwards into the opponents' midcourt. The maximum speed of a smashed shuttlecock exceeds that of any other racquet sport projectile. The recordings of this speed measure the initial speed of the shuttlecock immediately after it has left the player's racquet.

The official badminton smash record is 332 km/h (206 mph), set by Chinese badminton doubles player Fu Haifeng in the 2005 Sudirman Cup.Tan Boon Heong of Malaysia has set a faster record of 421 km/h (262 mph) during Yonex's speed test of the Arcsaber Z-slash in 2009. These 2 records are not comparable for three reasons

1:Measuring method: High speed video equipment was used in the Yonex speed trials rather than the microwave technology which is used to record shuttlecock speed in matches.

2:Situation: One record was set in an actual match and the other was set when the shuttlecock is being fed to the player in a relaxed situation.

3:Status of readings: Tan's record was recorded by Yonex while Fu's was recorded by BWF officials.

Doubles :

Both pairs will try to gain and maintain the attack, smashing downwards when possible. Whenever possible, a pair will adopt an ideal attacking formation with one player hitting down from the rearcourt, and his partner in the midcourt intercepting all smash returns except the lift. If the rearcourt attacker plays a dropshot, his partner will move into the forecourt to threaten the net reply. If a pair cannot hit downwards, they will use flat strokes in an attempt to gain the attack. If a pair is forced to lift or clear the shuttlecock, then they must defend: they will adopt a side-by-side position in the rear midcourt, to cover the full width of their court against the opponents' smashes. In doubles, players generally smash to the middle ground between two players in order to take advantage of confusion and clashes.

At high levels of play, the backhand serve has become popular to the extent that forehand serves almost never appear in professional games. The straight low serve is used most frequently, in an attempt to prevent the opponents gaining the attack immediately. Flick serves are used to prevent the opponent from anticipating the low serve and attacking it decisively.

At high levels of play, doubles rallies are extremely fast. Men's doubles is the most aggressive form of badminton, with a high proportion of powerful jump smashes.


Singles :

The singles court is narrower than the doubles court, but the same length. Since one person needs to cover the entire court, singles tactics are based on forcing the opponent to move as much as possible; this means that singles strokes are normally directed to the corners of the court. Players exploit the length of the court by combining lifts and clears with drop shots and net shots. Smashing is less prominent in singles than in doubles because players are rarely in the ideal position to execute a smash, and smashing often leaves the smasher vulnerable if the smash is returned.

In singles, players will often start the rally with a forehand high serve. Low serves are also used frequently, either forehand or backhand. Flick serves are less common, and drive serves are rare.
At high levels of play, singles demands extraordinary fitness. Singles is a game of patient positional manoeuvring, unlike the all-out aggression of doubles.

Shuttlecock :

A shuttlecock (often abbreviated to shuttle and also commonly known as a bird) is a high-drag projectile, with an open conical shape: the cone is formed from sixteen overlapping feathers embedded into a rounded cork base. The cork is covered with thin leather or synthetic material.

Synthetic shuttles are often used by recreational players to reduce their costs as feathered shuttles break easily. These nylon shuttles may be constructed with either natural cork or synthetic foam base, and a plastic skirt.

Additionally, nylon shuttlecocks come in three varieties, each variety for a different range of temperatures. These three varieties are known as green (slow speed which will give you an extra 40% hang time/shot length), blue (middle speed), and red (fast speed). The colours, and therefore speeds, are indicated by coloured strips fastened around the cork. In colder temperatures, a faster shuttle is used, and in hotter climates, a slower one is chosen.